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    Àΰ£°ú ·Îº¿ÀÌ ¼­·Î ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¼ÒÅëÀ» Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ÀΰøÁö´É¿¡ µµ´öÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ ÇÔ²² Á¢¸ñµÇ¾î °³¹ßµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 

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    OP¿ë AMA ¹öÀü1.0 ¸ÞŸÆÐÅ°Áö¸¦ ´Ù¿î¹ÞÀ¸¼¼¿ä. 

ÇØ¿Ü µµ´öÆÇ´Ü·Â °Ë»ç¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ »ç·Ê ºÐ¼®

 

Àΰø Áö´ÉÀº µµ·Î¿¡¼­ ÀÚÀ² ¿îÇàÇÏ´Â ¹«ÀÎ ÀÚµ¿Â÷¿Í ¹«ÀÎ ¼±¹Ú¿¡ Âø·úÇÏ´Â ÀçÈ°¿ë ·ÎÄÏÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â µî Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ´ë½ÅÇØ ´õ¿í ´õ º¹ÀâÇÑ ºÐ¾ß±îÁö ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ·Î ±× ¿µ¿ªÀ» È®ÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±â¼úÀÌ ¹ßÀüÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó Àΰø Áö´ÉÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ »ý»ç¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ¼±ÅÃÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â Çö½ÇÀÌ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ´Ù°¡¿À°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·± Çö½ÇÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ À±¸®Àû ¼±ÅÃÀ» ¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯·Î ÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´õ ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ÀÌÇظ¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³ª¾Æ°¡ ±×·± ¼±Åÿ¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² »çȸÀû À̽´°¡ ÀÖ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±íÀº ÀÌÇظ¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

Àΰø Áö´É°ú À±¸®¿¡ °üÇÑ °úÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸´Â ¾ð·Ð ¹× ¿©·Ð¿¡¼­ ¶ß°Å¿î ÁÖÁ¦·Î ¶°¿À¸£°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
º» »çÀÌÆ®ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº 1) À±¸®Àû µô·¹¸¶¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÑ Àΰø Áö´ÉÀÇ °áÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÇ°ßÀ» ¼öÁýÇÏ°í2) ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦Á¡µéÀÇ ½Ã³ª¸®¿ÀµéÀ» ¸¸µé°í Åä·Ð ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ç÷§ÆûÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

A. Shariff, J. F. Bonnefon, I. Rahwan (2017). Psychological roadblocks to the adoption of self-driving vehicles. Nature Human Behaviour.
J. F. Bonnefon, A. Shariff, I. Rahwan (2016). The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles. Science. 352(6293)

2. Àΰø Áö´ÉÀÇ µµ´ö¼º ½ÇÇè II

¡°Moral Judgments of Human vs. Robot Agents¡±, John Voiklis, Boyoung Kim, Corey Cusimano, and Bertram F. Malle, Member, IEEE
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310500833_Moral_judgments_of_human_vs_robot_agents

Abstract : Robots will eventually perform norm-regulated roles in society (e.g. caregiving), but how will people apply moral norms and judgments to robots? By answering such questions, previous work, we compared people¡¯s moral judgments about human and robot agents¡¯ behavior in moral dilemmas. We found that robots, compared with humans, were more commonly expected to sacrifice one person for the good of many, and they were blamed more than humans when they refrained from that decision. Thus, people seem to have somewhat different normative expectations of robots than of humans. In the current project we analyzed in detail the justifications people provide for three types of moral judgments (permissibility, wrongness, andblame) of robot and human agents. We found that people¡¯s moral judgments of both agents relied on the same conceptual and justificatory foundation: consequences and prohibitions undergirded wrongness judgments; attributions of mental agency undergirded blame judgments. For researchers, this means that people extend moral cognition to nonhuman agents. For designers, this means that robots with credible cognitive capacities will be considered moral agents but perhaps regulated by different moral norms.

ÃÊ·Ï : ·Îº¿Àº ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î »çȸ¿¡¼­ ±Ô¹üÀû ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(¿¹ : °£º´·Îº¿). ±×·¯³ª ¡°Àΰ£µéÀÌ °¡Áö´Â µµ´öÀû ±Ô¹ü°ú ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ·Îº¿¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô Àû¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡?¡±¶ó´Â Áú¹®¿¡ ´äÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿¬±¸ÀÚ´Â °øÇÐÀû °áÁ¤À» ³»¸®°í µµ´öÀû ÀÎÁöÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ Ž»ö ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌÀü ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â µµ´öÀû µô·¹¸¶¿¡¼­ Àΰ£°ú ·Îº¿ ¿¡ÀÌÀüÆ®ÀÇ Çൿ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ µµ´öÀû ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ºñ±³Çß´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Àΰ£°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ·Îº¿ÀÌ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇØ ÇÑ »ç¶÷À» Èñ»ý ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±â´ëµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±× °áÁ¤À» ÀÚÁ¦ÇßÀ» ¶§ Àΰ£º¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ºñ³­ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀº Àΰ£º¸´Ù ·Îº¿¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´Ù¼Ò ´Ù¸¥ ±Ô¹üÀû ±â´ë¸¦ °®´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ÇöÀç ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ·Îº¿°ú Àΰ£ ´ë¸®ÀÎÀÇ ¼¼ °¡Áö À¯ÇüÀÇ µµ´öÀû ÆÇ´Ü(Çã¿ë¼º, ±×¸©µÊ, ºñ³­)À» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» »ó¼¼È÷ ºÐ¼®Çß´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ µµ´öÀû ÆÇ´ÜÀÌ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °³³äÀû ±Ù°Å¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¹ß°ßÇߴµ¥, °á°ú¿Í ±ÝÁö »çÀ¯´Â À߸øµÈ ÆÇ´ÜÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ°í Á¤½ÅÀû ¿¡ÀÌÀü½ÃÀÇ ¼Ó¼ºÀº ºñ³­¹ÞÀ» °áÁ¤À» µÞ¹ÞħÇÑ´Ù. ¿¬±¸Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀÌ°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºñÀΰ£ÀûÀÎ ´ë¸®Àε鿡°Ô µµ´öÀûÀÎÁö¸¦ È®Àå ½ÃŲ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ¼³°èÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â ½Å·ÚÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÎÁö ´É·ÂÀ» °®Ãá ·Îº¿ÀÌ µµ´öÀû ¿¡ÀÌÀüÆ®·Î °£ÁÖµÇÁö¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ µµ´öÀû ±Ô¹ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±ÔÁ¦ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.

3. µµ´ö¼º °Ë»ç¥°: J. Rest¡¯s DIT-¥±

Äݹö±×(L. Kohlberg)°¡ Á¦ÀÛÇÑMJI(Moral Judgement Interview)ÀÇ ³­Á¡À» ±Øº¹Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¹Ì³×¼ÒŸ ´ëÇÐÀÇ ·¹½ºÆ®(J. Rest)°¡ °³¹ßµÈ ÃøÁ¤µµ±¸·Î¼­ °´°ü½Ä ¼±ÅÃÇüÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. 1978³â¿¡ Á¦ÀÛµÈ DIT-¥°°ú 1998³â¿¡ Á¦ÀÛµÈ DIT-¥±°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, DIT-¥°¿¡´Â È®ÀåÇü(full version), ´ÜÃàÇü(short version)ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ¼­¿ï´ë ¹®¿ë¸°Àº DIT-¥°ÀÇ ´ÜÃàÇü ¹öÀüÀ» ¹ø¿ªÇØ KDIT¸¦ ±¸¾ÈÇÏ¿´°í, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ DIT´Â Áö¹®Çؼ®ÀÇ ¾î·Á¿òÀ¸·Î ÁßÇб³ 2Çгâ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¿¬·ÉÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë°¡´É ¹üÀ§°¡ Á¦ÇÑµÈ ¹Ý¸é ¹®¿ë¸°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °³¹ßµÈ KDIT´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ¼öÁ¤ÇØ ÃʵîÇлý ¼öÁØ¿¡ ¸ÂÃç À籸Á¶È­ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
DIT-¥±´Â 5°³ÀÇ ½ºÅ丮¦¡¨ç±â±Ù(Famine), ¨è¸®Æ÷ÅÍ(Reporter), ¨é±³À°À§¿øȸ(School Board), ¨ê¾Ï(Cancer), ¨ëµ¥¸ð(Demonstration)¦¡·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °Ë»ç¹æ¹ýÀº DIT-¥°°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. ½ºÅ丮ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

Famine—(Story #1)
The small village in northern India has experienced shortages of food before, but this year¡¯s famine is worse than ever. Some families are even trying to feed themselves by making soup from tree bark. Mustaq Singh¡¯s family is near starvation. He has heard that a rich man in his village has supplies of food stored away and is hoarding food while its price goes higher so that he can sell the food later at a huge profit. Mustaq is desperate and thinks about stealing some food from the rich man¡¯s warehouse. The small amount of food that he needs for his family probably wouldn¡¯t even be missed.
Àεµ ºÏºÎÀÇ ÀÛÀº ¸¶À»Àº ÀÌÀü¿¡ ½Ä·® ºÎÁ·À» °Þ¾î ¿ÔÁö¸¸, ¿ÃÇØ´Â Áö±Ý±îÁöÀÇ ¾î¶² ¶§º¸´Ù ´õ ¾ÇÈ­µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸î¸îÀÇ °¡Á·Àº ½ÉÁö¾î ³ª¹«²®Áú·Î ¼öÇÁ¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ¸ÔÀ¸·Á°í ½Ãµµµµ ÇÑ´Ù. Mustaq SinghÀÇ °¡Á·Àº °ÅÀÇ ±¾ÁÖ¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ¸¶À»ÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎÀÚ°¡ À½½Ä¹°À» ¸Ö¸® º¸°üÇÏ°í, À½½ÄÀ» ÃàÀûÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í µé¾ú´Ù. ±× ºÎÀÚ°¡ À½½Ä¹°µéÀ» ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ÇÏ°í º¸°üÇÏ°í ÃàÀûÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â À½½Ä¹°À» °ªÀ» ³ôÀ̸鼭 ±× °á°ú·Î À½½Ä¹°µéÀ» ÆȾƼ­ ³ªÁß¿¡ Å«µ·À» ¹ú·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °Í ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. MustaqÀº Àý¸ÁÀûÀÎ ½ÉÁ¤À̾úÀ¸¸ç, ºÎÀÚÀÇ Ã¢°í¿¡¼­ À½½ÄÀ» ÈÉÄ¡´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ »ý°¢Çغ¸¾Ò´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·¿¡°Ô ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¼Ò·®ÀÇ À½½Ä¹°Àº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ³õÄ¡Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Reporter—(Story #2)
Molly Dayton has been a news reporter for the Gazette newspaper for over a decade. Almost by accident, she learned that one of the candidates for Lieutenant Governor for her state, Grover Thompson, had been arrested for shop-lifting 20 years earlier. Reporter Dayton found out that early in his life, Candidate Thompson had undergone a confused period and done things he later regretted, actions which would be very out -of-character now. His shop-lifting had been a minor offense and charges had been dropped by the department store. Thompson has not only straightened himself out since then, but built a distinguished record in helping many people and in leading constructive community projects. Now, Reporter Dayton regards Thompson as the best candidate in the field and likely to go on to important leadership positions in the state. Reporter Dayton wonders whether or not she should write the story about Thompson¡¯s earlier troubles because in the upcoming close and heated election, she fears that such a news story could wreck Thompson¡¯s chance to win.
Molly DaytonÀº 10³â ³Ñ°Ô Gazette ½Å¹®ÀÇ ±âÀÚ·Î ÀÏÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. °ÅÀÇ ¿ì¿¬È÷, ±×³à´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁÖÀÇ ÁÖÁö»ç Èĺ¸ÀÎ Grover ThompsonÀÌ 20³â Àü¿¡ »óÁ¡¿¡¼­ ¹°°ÇÀ» ÈÉÄ¡´Ù°¡ üÆ÷µÇ¾ú´ø °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸®Æ÷ÅÍÀÎ DaytonÀº ÁÖÁö»ç Áö¿øÀÚ ThompsonÀÌ ±×ÀÇ Àλý¿¡¼­ÀÇ Ãʱ⿡ È¥¶õ½º·¯¿î ±â°£À» °Þ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ÈÄ¿¡ ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸Å¿ì ÈÄȸÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×°¡ »óÁ¡¿¡¼­ ¹°°ÇÀ» ÈÉÄ¡´Â ÇàÀ§´Â »ç¼ÒÇÑ °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇøÀÇ´Â ¹éÈ­Á¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹þ¾î³µ¾ú´Ù. ThompsonÀº ±× ÈÄ·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹Ù²åÀ¸¸ç, »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °Ç¼³ÀûÀÎ °øµ¿Ã¼ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¸¦ ¼±µµÇÏ¿© ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ» µ½´Â °øÀ» ¼¼¿ü´Ù. ÇöÀç ¸®Æ÷ÅÍ DaytonÀº ThompsonÀ» °¡Àå ÁÁÀº ÁÖÁö»ç Áö¿øÀÚ·Î ±×¸®°í ÁÖ¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ ¸®´õ½Ê Á÷Ã¥À» ¼öÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù. DaytonÀº ThompsonÀÇ Ãʱ⠹®Á¦¿¡ °üÇÑ À̾߱⸦ ½á¾ßÇÒÁöÀÇ ¿©ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇØ Àǹ®À» Á¦±âÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, °ð ´Ù°¡¿Ã ¿­±¤µÈ ¼±°Å¿¡¼­ ±×³à´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ¼Ò½ÄÀÌ Åè½¼ÀÇ ½Â¸® ±âȸ¸¦ ¸ÁÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

School Board—(Story #3)
Mr. Grant has been elected to School Board District 190 and was chosen to be Chairman. The district is bitterly divided over the closing of one of the high schools. One of the high schools has to be closed for financial reasons, but there is no agreement over which school to close. During his election to the School Board, Mr. Grant had proposed a series of ¡°Open Meetings¡± in which members of the community could voice their opinions. He hoped that the dialogue would make the community realize the necessity of closing one high school. Also he hoped that through open discussions, the difficulty of the decision would be appreciated, and that the community would ultimately support the school board decision. The first Open Meeting was a disaster. Passionate speeches dominated the microphones and threatened violence. The meeting barely closed without fist-fights. Later in the week, school board members received threatening phone calls. Mr. Grant wonder if he ought to call off the next Open Meeting.
Grant´Â 190 ÇбºÀ§¿øȸ¿¡ ¼±ÃâµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ȸÀåÀ¸·Î ¼±ÃâµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀº ±Ùó °íµîÇб³µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ Æó¼âµÉ À§±âÀÎ ¸÷½Ã ºÐ¿­µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °÷ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Áö¿ª °íµîÇб³ Áß Çϳª´Â ÀçÁ¤»óÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯·Î Æó¼âµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾î¶² Çб³°¡ Æó¼âÇؾßÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÕÀÇ´Â ¾ø´Ù. Grant´Â °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ÀÏ¿øÀ¸·Î¼­ ȸÀÇ¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÇ°ßÀ» °³Áø ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ø°³È¸ÀǸ¦ Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ´ëÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇØ °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ ÇϳªÀÇ °íµîÇб³¸¦ Æó¼âÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çʿ伺À» ÀνÄÇØ¾ß µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Èñ¸ÁÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×´Â °ø°³ Åä·ÐÀ» ÅëÇØ °áÁ¤ÀÇ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» ÀνÄÇÏ°í, °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î Çб³ À§¿øȸÀÇ °áÁ¤À» ÁöÁöÇϱ⸦ Èñ¸ÁÇÏ¿´´Ù. ù ¹ø° °ø°³È¸ÀÇ´Â ¾û¸ÁÀ̾úÁö¸¸, ¿­Á¤ÀûÀÎ ¿¬¼³Àº ¸¶ÀÌÅ©¸¦ Áö¹èÇÏ¿´°í Æø·ÂÀ» ´©±×·¯¶ß·È´Ù. ȸÀÇ´Â ÁÖ¸Ô ½Î¿ò ¾øÀÌ °£½ÅÈ÷ ¸·À» ³»·È´Ù. ÁÖ¸» °æ Çб³ À§¿øȸ À§¿øµéÀº Çù¹Ú ÀüÈ­¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. Grant´Â ´ÙÀ½ °ø°³È¸ÀǸ¦ Ãë¼ÒÇؾ߸¸ ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °í¹Î ÁßÀÌ´Ù.

Cancer—(Story #4)
Mrs. Bennett is 62 years old, and in the last phases of colon cancer. She is in terrible pain and asks the doctor to give her more pain -killer medicine. The doctor has given her the maximum safe dose already and is reluctant to increase the dosage because it would probably hasten her death. In a clear and rational mental state, Mrs. Bennett says that she realizes this, but wants to end her suffering even if it means ending her life. Should the doctor give her an increased dosage?
º£³Ý ºÎÀÎÀº 62¼¼¸ç °áÀå¾Ï ¸»±âÀÌ´Ù. ±×³à´Â ²ûÂïÇÑ ÅëÁõÀ» ´À³¢°í Àǻ翡°Ô ´õ ¸¹Àº ÁøÅëÁ¦ ¾àÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀ» ¿äûÇÑ´Ù. ÀÇ»ç´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ±×³à¿¡°Ô ÃÖ´ë·Î ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ºÐ·®À» ÁÖ¾ú°í, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÁøÅëÁ¦ º¹¿ë·®À» ´Ã¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×³à¸¦ Á×À½À¸·Î ¸ô°í °¥ ¼ö Àֱ⿡ ÁøÅëÁ¦ ¾çÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°±â¸¦ ÁÖÀúÇÑ´Ù. ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°í ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ Á¤½Å »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â º£³Ý ºÎÀÎÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç½ÇÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾úÁö¸¸, ±×³à´Â ±×³àÀÇ »ýÀÌ ¸¶°¨µÇ´õ¶óµµ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °íÅëÀ» ³¡³»±â¸¦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù. À̶§ ÀÇ»ç´Â ÁøÅëÁ¦ÀÇ º¹¿ë·®À» ´Ã·Á¾ß Çϴ°¡?

Demonstration—(Story #5)
Political and economic instability in a South America country prompted the President of the United States to send troops to ¡°police¡± the area. Students at many campuses in the U.S.A. have protested that the United States is using its military might for economic advantage. There is widespread suspicion that big oil multinational companies are pressuring the President to safeguard a cheap oil supply even if it means loss of life. Students at one campus took to the streets in demonstration, tying up traffic and stopping regular business in the town. The president of the university demanded that the students stop their illegal demonstrations. Students then took over the college¡¯s administration building, completely paralyzing the college. Are the students right to demonstrate in these ways?
³²¹Ì ±¹°¡ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû, °æÁ¦Àû ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤Àº ¹Ì±¹ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ ±º´ë¸¦ ÆÄ°ßÇÏ¿© ±× Áö¿ªÀ» "°æÂû"·Î ¸¸µé °ÍÀ» Ã˱¸Çß´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¸¹Àº Ä·ÆÛ½º ÇлýµéÀº ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ °æÁ¦Àû ÀÌÁ¡À» À§ÇØ ±º´ë¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í Ç×ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ »ý¸íÀÇ Èñ»ýÀ» Ä¡·ç´õ¶óµµ ´Ù±¹Àû ¼®À¯ ±â¾÷µéÀÌ °ª½Ñ ¼®À¯ °ø±ÞÀ» º¸È£Çϱâ À§ÇØ ´ëÅë·É¿¡°Ô ¾Ð·ÂÀ» °¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀÇȤÀÌ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑ Ä·ÆÛ½ºÀÇ ÇлýµéÀÌ °Å¸® µ¥¸ð·Î ÀÎÇØ ±³Åë üÁõ°ú »ó°¡µéÀÇ »ó°¡¿î¿µÀÌ ÁߴܵǾú´Ù. ´ëÇÐ ÃÑÀåÀº ÇлýµéÀÌ ºÒ¹ý ½ÃÀ§¸¦ Áß´ÜÇÒ °ÍÀ» Ã˱¸Çß´Ù. ÇлýµéÀº ´ëÇÐ º»°üÀ» Á¡·ÉÇÏ°í Çб³ ÇàÁ¤À» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¸¶ºñ ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ÇлýµéÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î µ¥¸ð¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿ÇÀº ÀÏÀϱî?

¡Ø Á¦½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö À̾߱âÀÎ ±â±Ù(Famine), ¸®Æ÷ÅÍ(Reporter), ±³À°À§¿øȸ(School Board), ¾Ï(Cancer), µ¥¸ð(Demonstration)´Â ¸ðµÎ »çȸÀ±¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¿¡¼­ ¹ýÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¿¡±îÁö ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ½ºÆåÆ®·³À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ¿Ã¹Ù·Î Çؼ®ÇØ µµ´öÀû ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ³»¸®´Â °ÍÀº »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹Àº Áö½ÄÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇöÀç º¯ÇüµÈ ¸î¸î µµ´ö¼º °Ë»çµéÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î MJI³ª DIT¿¡ ±âº»À» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ÀÌ °Ë»çÀÇ ÀÇÀÇ´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö¸¸, Áß°í»ý ÀÌ»óÀÇ °íÇг⿡ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ÃʵîÇлýµé¿¡°Ô Àû¿ëÇϱâ´Â ¹«¸®°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

¡Ø ¿Ü±¹¿¡¼­µµ ÃʵîÇлýµéÀ» À§ÇÑ µµ´öÀû °Ë»çÁö´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ µµ´öÀ̶ó´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ ¿Ç°í ±×¸§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆÇ´Ü°ú ±× ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ÀνÄÇÏ°í È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» °Ë»çÇÏ°í °ËÁõÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ´Ù. DIT-1 Ãà¾àÇü°ú °°Àº ¹öÀüÀÌ ÀÖ±â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, »ç½Ç ±×°Íµµ ÃʵîÇлý¿ëÀ¸·Î º¯ÇüÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ±×´ë·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¼öÁØÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÃʵîÇлý¿ëÀ» È°¿ëµÇ±â À§Çؼ­´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀû ¼öÁØ¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¿ë¾î »ç¿ë, ¹®Àå ±¸¼º, ³»¿ëÀÇ º¹À⼺ µîÀ» Àß °í·ÁÇØ ³ÖÀ» ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

4. µµ´ö¼º °Ë»ç ¥±: G. Lind¡¯s MJT(Moral Judgement Test)

·¹½ºÆ®(J. Rest)ÀÇ DIT¿Í ÇÔ²² Äݹö±×(L. Kohlberg)°¡ Á¦ÀÛÇÑMJIÀÇ ³­Á¡À» ±Øº¹Çϱâ À§ÇØ °³¹ßµÈ °ÍÀÌ ¸°Æ®ÀÇ MJTÀÌ´Ù. Áú¹®ÁöÀÇ ±¸¼ºÀº °´°ü½Ä ¼±ÅÃÇüÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÁÖ·Î À¯·´ ¹× ³²¹Ì±Ç¿¡¼­ ¸¹ÀÌ È°¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. MJTÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀº ÀÏ°ü¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â µµ´öÆÇ´Ü·ÂÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Áú¹®Áö¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Á¦ÀÛÀÚÀÎ ¸°Æ® Àڽŵµ µµ´öÆÇ´Ü·ÂÀ» ÀÏ°ü¼º ÀÖ°Ô Àß ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸°Æ®´Â ·¹½ºÆ®¿Í ´Þ¸® ¼±È£µµ ÃøÁ¤À» °­Á¶ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Âµ¥, ´Ü°è ¼±È£ÃøÁ¤Àº ´ÜÁö ÁÁ°í ³ª»ÝÀÇ µµ´öÀû Á¤¼­ÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ µµ´öÀû ŵµ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù°í º¸¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ¸°Æ®´Â Äݹö±×ÀÇ MJI¿Í ·¹½ºÆ®ÀÇ DIT´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ü°è ¼±È£Áö¼ö¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î ´ÜÁö ŵµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃøÁ¤µµ±¸ÀÏ »ÓÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.
MJT´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ ½ºÅ丮¦¡¨ç±Ù·ÎÀÚÀÇ °í¹Î(Worker¡¯s Dilemma), ¨èÀÇ»çÀÇ °í¹Î(Doctor¡¯s Dilemma)¦¡·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³»¿ëÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

Worker¡¯s Dilemma
Due to some seemingly unfounded dismissals, some factory workers suspect the managers of eavesdropping on their employees thorough an intercom and using this information against them, The managers officially and emphatically deny this accusation. The union declares that it will only take steps against the company when proof has been found that confirms these suspicions. Two workers then break into the administrative offices and take tape trascripts that prove the allegation of eavesdropping.
ÇÑ °øÀå¿¡¼­´Â ¸íÈ®ÇÑ »çÀ¯ ¾øÀÌ ÇØ°í¸¦ ´çÇÑ ÀϺΠ±Ù·ÎÀÚµéÀº °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ±¸³»ÀüÈ­ µµÃ»À» ÅëÇØ ±×µéÀ» ºÒ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î °¨½ÃÇß´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí °ü¸®ÀÚ´Â °¨½ÃÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í °­ÇÏ°Ô ºÎÀÎÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕÀº ¸¸¾à ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÒ¹ý°¨½Ã¸¦ È®ÁõÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ Áõ°Å¸¦ ¹ß°ßµÇ¸é °øÀå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃëÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±×µé Áß µÎ ¸íÀÇ ±Ù·ÎÀÚ°¡ °ü¸®ÀÚÀÇ »ç¹«½Ç¿¡ ¹«´ÜÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¡¼­ Áõ°Å°¡ µÉ ¸¸ÇÑ ³ìÈ­Å×ÀÌÇÁ¸¦ ÈÉÃÄ ³ª¿Ô´Ù.

Doctor¡¯s Dilemma
A woman had cancer and she had no hope of being saved. She was in terrible pain and so weakened that a large dose of a painkiller such as morphine would have caused her death. During a temporary period of improvement, she begged the doctor to give her enough morphine to kill her. She said she could no longer endure the pain and would be dead in a few weeks anyway. The doctor complied with her wish.
¾Ï ¼±°í¸¦ ¹ÞÀº ÇÑ ¿©¼ºÀÌ Àִµ¥, ±×³à´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Èñ¸Áµµ ¾øÀÌ ÇÏ·çÇϷ縦 »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×³à´Â ²ûÂïÇÑ °íÅë¿¡ ½Ã´Þ·È°í, Á¡Á¡ Çã¾àÇØÁ³À¸¸ç, ¸ð¸£ÇÉ°ú °°Àº ÁøÅëÁ¦¸¦ ³Ê¹« ¸¹ÀÌ Åõ¿©ÇÏ¿© °ÅÀÇ Á×À½¿¡ À̸¦ Áö°æÀ̾ú´Ù. Ä¡·á ±â°£ µ¿¾È ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °íÅëÀÇ ¿ÍÁß¿¡ ±×³à´Â Àǻ翡°Ô ´Ü¹ø¿¡ Á×À» ¸¸Å­ ¸ð¸£ÇÉÀ» Åõ¿©ÇØ´Þ¶ó°í °£ÀýÈ÷ ¿äûÇß´Ù. ±×³à´Â Àǻ翡°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó °íÅëÀ» °ßµ®³¾ ¼ö ¾ø°í ¾îÂ÷ÇÇ ¾ó¸¶ »ìÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ÀÇ»ç´Â ±×³àÀÇ Èñ¸Á´ë·Î ÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

¡Ø MJT´Â DIT¿¡ ºñÇØ °ÅÀÇ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ»»Ó´õ·¯ ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó¿¡ ¼Ò°³µµ ´Ê¾î È°¿ëµµ°¡ ³·Àº ÆíÀÌ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ¿ë¾î¶óµç°¡, ¹®Àå, ³»¿ë µîÀÇ ÀÌÇصµ ¹®Á¦·Î ÀÎÇØ ÃʵîÇлýµé¿¡°Ô È°¿ëÇϱ⿡´Â ¹«¸®°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¿ë¾î³ª ¹®ÀåÀº ÃʵîÇлýµéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í Çؼ®ÇØ ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ½¬¿î ¿ë¾î³ª ¹®ÀåÀ¸·Î º¯È¯ÇÏ¿© °³ÀÛÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³»¿ë ¶ÇÇÑ ÃʵîÇлýµéÀÇ ÀÌÇØ ¹üÀ§¿¡¼­ ³»¿ëÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿© Àû¿ëÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

¡Ø ù ¹ø° µô·¹¸¶ÀÎ ¡®³ëµ¿ÀÚÀÇ µô·¹¸¶¡¯´Â ¾î¸¥µéÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÀüÇüÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¸é¿¡¼­ ÃʵîÇлýµéÀÇ ÀÎÁö¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ ÀÌÇØÇϱ⠽±Áö ¾ÊÀº ³»¿ëÀ» ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °í¿ëÀÚ¿Í °í¿ëÁÖÀÇ °ü°è, ³ëµ¿ÀÚ¿Í °ü¸®ÀÚÀÇ °ü°è µîÀº º¹ÀâÇÑ À±¸®Àû, »çȸÀû, ¹ýÀû ¹®Á¦°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ÃʵîÇлýµé¿¡°Ô´Â ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¡Ø µÎ ¹ø° µô·¹¸¶ÀÎ ¡®ÀÇ»çÀÇ µô·¹¸¶¡¯ ¶ÇÇÑ »î°ú Á×À½ÀÇ ¹®Á¦, Á¸¾ö»ç ¹®Á¦ µî°ú °°Àº ÀÇ·á¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ À±¸®Àû, ¹ýÀû ¹®Á¦°¡ ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ÃʵîÇлýµéÀÇ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµ´öÀû ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ³»¸®´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Æ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ Ã¹ ¹ø° µô·¹¸¶¿Í °°ÀÌ ÃʵîÇлýµéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ °³ÀÛÀ̳ª º¯È¯À» ÇÏ¿© ³»¿ëÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸¿©Áø´Ù.

5. µµ´ö¼º °Ë»ç ¥²: M. Porter & N. Taylor¡¯s OISE

Æ÷ÅÍ¿Í Å×ÀÏ·¯(M. Porter & N. Taylor)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ 1972³â¿¡ Ãâ°£µÈ OISE °Ë»ç´Â ij³ª´ÙÀÇ ¿ÂŸ¸®¿À ±³À°¿¬±¸¼Ò(Ontario Institute for Studies in Education)¿¡¼­ ÃÊ¡¤Áß¡¤°í±³»ýµéÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î Á¦ÀÛÇÑ °Ë»çÁöÀÌ´Ù. OISE °Ë»ç´Â ´Ù¼¸ °³ÀÇ µô·¹¸¶·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ÁßÀÇ ¾î¶² °ÍÀº Äݹö±×°¡ Á÷Á¢ Á¦ÀÛÇÑ °ÍÀ» ±×´ë·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ °Íµµ ÀÖ°í, ¶Ç ¾î¶² °ÍÀº Æ÷ÅÍ¿Í Å×ÀÏ·¯°¡ Á¦ÀÛÇÑ °Íµµ ÀÖ´Ù. °¢°¢ÀÇ µô·¹¸¶´Â µµ´öÀû °¥µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â À̾߱â·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.